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Analysis of D-Q Small-Signal Impedance of Grid-Tied Inverters

Year: 2017 | Author: Bo Wen | Paper: D4.3
Control block diagram of the inverter
Fig. 1. Inverter small-signal model with PLL, current and power control
Grid-tied inverters are the key components that deliver renewable energy to the grid. They are typically controlled as current sources injecting current to the grid. With the increasing prevalence of renewable energy resources, power quality and stability issues induced by grid-tied inverters become more and more important. Harmonic pollution can happen due to the interaction between inverter and grid impedance. Large grid impedance can destabilize the inverter system. In order to deliver power to the grid, the frequency and phase angle of the inverter output current should synchronize with the grid voltage, which is usually served by a phase-locked loop (PLL). Some recent literature discovered that PLL has a negative impact on the system stability.

This paper presents an analysis of the grid-tied inverter small signal impedance in a d-q frame under different control strategies. Influences of PLL, and current and power feedback control to the inverter impedance are discussed. Some important features of inverter impedance are discussed. These features indicate that a grid-tied inverter working as a current source could destabilize the system due to the negative incremental resistor of Zqq. This negative incremental resistor behavior is a result of PLL and current injection. Increasing the PLL bandwidth extends the frequency range of this behavior, and increases in the inverter power level decreases the absolute value of the resistor. A brief simulation example shows that under weak grid conditions, a small increase of the PLL bandwidth can lead the system to unstable conditions. The example also shows how the proposed model can be used to predict such instability. Hardware measurements verify the proposed model. The model gives insight into the grid-tied inverter's behavior in the grid. Harmonic resonance and instability issues reported in the literature can be analyzed using the characterized impedance model.

waveforms showing the magnitude and phase of the various control functionality including the phase locked loop, and power feedback controller.
Fig. 2. Impedences of inverter with PLL and power feedback control

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